United Nations Reminds the World of the Indigenous Education Gap

 

By Evan Owens, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs

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In the United States, nearly every calendar day has an arbitrary significance in popular culture. To provide a few examples, January 8 is National Bubble Bath Day, May 3 is National Two Different Colored Shoes Day, and August 9 is National Rice Pudding Day. In the midst of these frivolous “national” days, it is easy to forget that there is a multitude of internationally recognized days that address admirable causes and significant challenges that the international community faces together. In stark contrast with National Rice Pudding Day, August 9 of every year is also the International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples. National Indigenous Television (NITV) describes the occasion as “focused on protecting the rights of the World’s Indigenous population as well as recognizing their cultures and the contributions they make to the global society.”[1] This year, the United Nations (UN) chose to highlight the education gap between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples across the globe—a gap that deserves the world’s attention for more than just one day.

Numbers behind the Gap

The actual number of indigenous citizens residing in the 33 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean is almost impossible to determine. This uncertainty is the result of various unfortunate circumstances that pose a challenge to the process of taking a census. The most notable factors are a lack of reliable information provided by government agencies tasked with the collection of demographic statistics and the inherent complexity of indigenous versus non-indigenous identification.[2] Previous determinants, specifically the use of native languages, are no longer considered dependable due to linguistic replacement by national languages, and thus self-identification has been deemed the most effective method by which reliable estimates of the indigenous populations of nations can be ascertained.[3] According to the World Bank and the International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), the total number of indigenous peoples in Latin America hovers around 41 million, or about 6.3 percent of the region’s population.[4][5] These numbers make it quite clear that Latin American governments must not ignore the roughly 600 indigenous groups that populate their territories; yet, in regards to education, they continue to do so.[6]

It is painfully obvious that a major education gap persists between indigenous and non-indigenous populations, as can be seen in various ways. Indigenous school attendance rates, for instance, are much lower in many countries, in part, because governments are unable or unwilling to account for the needs of their culturally diverse indigenous populations. [7] Furthermore, as UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon asserted in his August 9 address, “around the globe, indigenous youth are graduating from high school at rates well below the national average,”[8] indicating that school systems are not serving indigenous populations the same as national majority populations.

Attendance and graduation rates are not the only statistics that reveal the disparity in education levels. Illiteracy rates are some of the most accurate indicators of the indigenous education gap and its lasting effects. For example, according to the Global Education Fund, Guatemala has an illiteracy rate of 60 percent among indigenous adult citizens, compared to a 25 percent rate across all adults.[9] In light of this, it is not surprising that more than half of all Guatemalans, most of whom are indigenous, live below the poverty line.[10]

Cultural and Linguistic Barriers

An extremely significant yet often overlooked factor in the disparity between indigenous and non-indigenous education levels is the culturally homogenous school systems that indigenous children are forced to attend. Schools throughout Latin America generally focus on historical events and contemporary issues in a manner that ignores indigenous perspectives. Furthermore, language becomes an immense barrier, as instruction is almost always given in a country’s national language and teachers discourage the use of native languages.[11] This point was reiterated by Ban, who stated that “indigenous peoples regularly face stigmatization of their cultural identity and lack of respect and recognition for their heritage and values” and that “their marginalization is often compounded by language barriers.”[12]

Since Latin American governments bear the responsibility of providing appropriate education to all of their citizens, the UN recommended on August 9 that classes be taught in indigenous languages, and that various “lost” indigenous languages be revitalized through proactive linguistic programs.[13] Instruction in a child’s native language increases his or her ability to comprehend the instructor, and the revitalization of “lost” languages encourages parents to send their children to school. Attendance and comprehension are two of the key factors in educational improvement, and are integral in closing the education gap.

Access to Education as a Human Right

The right to equal and fair education for all peoples, indigenous or non-indigenous, is well founded in international law. Article 26, section 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights clearly states that, “everyone has the right to education.”[14] Although proposed 68 years ago, the concepts and guidelines of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, have been reaffirmed in recent years by various international documents, most notably the Universal Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly on September 13, 2007. Sections one through three of Article 14 contain various statements that assert the human right to education and highlight the importance of culturally appropriate educational systems. Specifically, section 3 declares that “states shall, in conjunction with indigenous peoples, take effective measures, in order for indigenous individuals, particularly children, including those living outside their communities, to have access, when possible, to an education in their own culture and provided in their own language.”[15]

Conclusion

Although there have been improvements in comprehensive access to education over the past decade in Latin America, it would be naïve to conclude that continued improvement is unnecessary. The Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA) commends the United Nations for making the proliferation of culturally and linguistically appropriate education the focus of this year’s International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples. However, higher achievement is only possible if Latin American governments make a legitimate effort to provide all of their citizens with an accessible education.

By Evan Owens, Research Associate at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs

Original research on Latin America by COHA. Please accept this article as a free contribution from COHA, but if re-posting, please afford authorial and institutional attribution. Exclusive rights can be negotiated. For additional news and analysis on Latin America, please go to LatinNews. com and Rights Action.

Featured Photo: Indigenous children. Taken from Flickr.

[1] Karina Marlow. “What is the International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples?.” National Indigenous Television, August 9, 2016. Accessed August 10, 2016. https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2016/08/09/what-international-day-worlds-indigenous-peoples

[2] “Indigenous Latin America in the 21^st Century,” worldbank.org, January 1, 2015, Accessed August 10, 2016, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/145891467991974540/pdf/98544-REVISED-WP-P148348-Box394854B-PUBLIC-Indigenous-Latin-America.pdf

[3] Ibid

[4] Ibid

[5] “Indigenous Peoples in Latin America – a general overview.” International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. Accessed August 10, 2016. http://www.iwgia.org/regions/latin-america/indigenous-peoples-in-latin-america

[6] “Latin America and the Caribbean Population (LIVE).” Population of Latin America and the Caribbean (2016). Accessed August 11, 2016. http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/latin-america-and-the-caribbean-population/.

[7] “Indigenous Latin America in the 21^st Century,” worldbank.org.

[8] Ban Ki-moon. “Secretary-General’s Message for 2016.” United Nations, August 9, 2016. Accessed August 10, 2016. http://www.un.org/en/events/indigenousday/sgmessage.shtml

[9] “State of Education in Guatemala.” Global Education Fund. Accessed August 11, 2016. http://www.globaleducationfund.org/guatemala/

[10] Ibid

[11] United Nations. “Indigenous Peoples’ Right to Education.” News release, August 9, 2016. Un.org. Accessed August 10, 2016. http://www.un.org/en/events/indigenousday/Backgrounder Indigenous Day 2016.pdf.

[12] Laurel Raymond. “UN Calls for ‘Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate’ Education for Indigenous People.” ThinkProgress, August 9, 2016. Accessed August 9, 2016. https://thinkprogress.org/un-indigenous-peoples-day-language-532d740cdc6a#.jq5jp53ig

[13] Ibid

[14] “Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” Ohchr.org. Accessed August 10, 2016. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf.

[15] “United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.” Un.org. Accessed August 10, 2016. http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf.