Published by Drug War Chronicle
Venezuela does not grow coca or process cocaine, but like other countries in Latin America, it has been used as a conduit, especially by traffickers from neighboring Colombia, the region’s largest coca and cocaine producer. The rise of the European cocaine market in recent years has undoubtedly made the country an attractive way station for cocaine headed east.
“The flow of cocaine through Venezuela — both north particularly through the Dominican Republic and Haiti but also into Europe through Africa and other places — has increased dramatically,” US drug czar John Walters told the Associated Press in a recent interview. He said smuggling through Venezuela had quadrupled since 2004, to about 250 metric tons last year, or about one-quarter of total regional (and thus global) cocaine production.
The remarks come as the US is pressing Venezuela to renew cooperation with it on drug trafficking, and are probably laying the groundwork for a looming decertification of Venezuela’s compliance with US drug war goals. Relations between the US DEA and the Venezuelan government have been almost nonexistent since Chávez expelled the DEA in 2005, charging that it was spying on his country. Only two DEA agents are currently stationed in Venezuela, and their activities are very circumscribed.
But Venezuela last weekend brusquely rejected renewed calls from Washington to accept a visit from Walters and resume cooperation on the drug front, saying it had made progress by itself and working with other countries. “The anti-drug fight in Venezuela has shown significant progress during recent years, especially since the government ended official cooperation programs with the DEA,” Venezuela’s foreign ministry said in a statement. Renewing talks on drugs would be “useless and inopportune,” the statement said.
Walters had tried to “impose his visit as an obligation,” the foreign ministry complained. “The government considers this kind of visit useless and ill-timed and feels that this official would better use his time to control the flourishing drug trafficking and abuse in his own country,” the statement said. “Venezuela has become today a country free of drug farms, neither producing nor processing illicit drugs, and which has smashed records one year after another for seizing substances from neighboring countries,” it added.
That statement came one day after US Ambassador to Venezuela Patrick Duddy ruffled feathers in Caracas by saying that Venezuela’s failure to cooperate with the US was leaving an opening for traffickers. “The drug traffickers are taking advantage of the gap that exists between the two governments,” Duddy told reporters, citing the estimated fourfold rise in trafficking.
President Chávez responded to those remarks Sunday by calling them “stupid” and warning that Duddy would soon be “packing his bags” if he is not careful. Chávez also suggested that the US concentrate on its own drug use and marijuana production.
On Monday, Venezuelan Vice-President Ramón Carrizales echoed his chief, telling reporters in Caracas that Venezuela was cooperating internationally, just not on US terms. “The DEA asks for freedom to fly over our territory indiscriminately,” Carrizales said. “Well, they aren’t going to have that freedom. We are a sovereign country.”
Venezuela has seized tons of cocaine in recent years and has some 4,000 people behind bars on trafficking charges, he added. Most US-bound cocaine moves north by sea, he said, largely along Colombia’s Pacific Coast.
But the Bush administration wasn’t backing down. On Tuesday, State Department spokesman Sean McCormick said: “Our officials, including Ambassador Duddy, are going to continue to speak out on the state of US-Venezuelan relations… (and) what we see happening inside Venezuela. That does not foreclose the possibility of a better relationship… and certainly we’re prepared to have a better relationship,” he added, saying Washington first needed to see some unspecified actions by the Venezuelan government.
Good luck with that, said a trio of analysts consulted by the Chronicle. “There is little chance of increased cooperation,” said Ian Vasquez, director of the Center for Global Liberty and Prosperity at the libertarian-leaning Cato Institute, who cited corruption within the Venezuelan government.
Prospects for a rapprochement on drug policy are low, said Adam Isaacson of the Washington-based Center for International Policy. “There is so much distrust between the two governments,” he said. “Chávez’s threat scenario is a US invasion, and a US military, security, or even police presence would be seen as probing for weaknesses. On the other hand, the US thinks Venezuela is on a campaign to bring Iran and Russia into the region, and Walters is an ideologue who thinks Venezuela is doing this to destabilize the region, you know, the idea of a leftist leader making common cause with drug traffickers. There is no trust, and there’s not going to be any trust. The drug war stuff is really only one aspect of that larger context,” he said.
“The Venezuelans have repeatedly stated they want to cooperate with the US on drugs, but Chávez deeply distrusts the US government,” said Larry Birns, head of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs in Washington. “He has had a terrible time with activist US ambassadors and he feels they have intervened repeatedly in Venezuela’s sovereign affairs, but this could be a propitious moment. The Bush administration will get nowhere with any new anti-Chávez initiatives, so they just might be interested in taking some steps toward normalizing relations with Venezuela simply to show that the US is capable of using diplomacy.”
Still, said Birns, don’t look for any dramatic breakthroughs. “There won’t be any effective agreement on drug trafficking unless it’s part of a larger mix of confidence-building measures,” he said. “Hugo Chávez has a confrontational, combative personality, but he’s relatively clean when it comes to human rights violations or other derelictions, and that’s very frustrating for Washington. There will not be any comprehensive agreement on this issue, just some de facto improvements on a graduated basis because the necessary confidence between the two governments just doesn’t exist.”
All three agreed that cocaine trafficking through Venezuela is increasing, but none thought it was a matter of official policy. “It’s true there is now a lot of cocaine going through Venezuela,” said Isaacson. “While I don’t think that Chávez is actively trying to turn the country into a narco playground, I haven’t seen any major effort to root out drug-related corruption. Chávez also has problems controlling his national territory; there are security and public security problems, common crime is a serious problem, and organized crime is growing.”
“Venezuela has an income of $100 billion a year from oil revenues, why would they be interested in drug revenues?” Birns asked. “I’m sure there are some rogue elements in the government, but this is not a matter of state policy,” he said. “You can’t deny there is drug trafficking in Venezuela, but I can’t imagine that Chávez has anything to do with or gain from it. After all, he’s giving away hundreds of millions of dollars a year around the world, including the US, in oil and heating oil, so this just doesn’t seem like an income opportunity he would be interested in.”
The war on drugs is just a waste of time and resources, said Vasquez. “Asking countries to enforce US drug prohibition is asking them to do the impossible,” said Vasquez. “It hasn’t succeeded in Colombia, Mexico, or anywhere in the Andes. You see some ephemeral victories — you might kill a drug lord or shut down a cartel, but this is a multi-billion dollar multinational industry that can easily adapt to whatever is thrown at it.”
Asking for more enforcement is only asking for trouble, said Vasquez. “The more prohibition, the more law enforcement, the more violent it becomes,” he said. “There is no light at the end of the tunnel. To the extent that the drug war is more aggressively pursued, we can expect more violence and corruption.”
Still, there are things Venezuela could do to ease tensions, said Isaacson. “Venezuela could be more cooperative in monitoring its airspace, sharing radar information, even allowing occasional US verification flights like the other Latin American countries do,” he said. “And as Fidel Castro has done, they need to take a hard line against drug corruption in the state — it can eat a state from the inside out.”
But if Chávez can be accused of playing politics with the drug issue, so can the US, said Isaacson. “US anti-drug goals look even more politicized. I’m sure Venezuela will be decertified, and people will fairly say they’re singling out Venezuela because they’re leftists and say bad things about the US. Meanwhile, Colombia, with the world’s largest coca crop, and Mexico, which has a huge drug trafficking industry, will get a pass because they’re pro-US.”
“The US certification process on drugs is very tarnished,” agreed Birns. “All of these annual mandates from Congress on drugs and terrorism and the like have been carried out in an archly political manner. The US minimizes the sins of its friends and maximizes those of its enemies.”
Washington’s problems with Venezuela are just part of an overall decline in US influence in the region, said Birns. “With countries like Peru having high growth rates because of the increased valuation of natural resources across the board and new resource discoveries, with Brazil on the verge of becoming a superpower, with various new organizations of which the US is not a part, like the Rio Group and the South American security zone, our leverage over Latin America is waning. The only way to achieve real results on any of these issues is earnest negotiation where real concessions are made.”
