It’s Official: the Monroe Doctrine Is Back. And as the Latest US Attack on Cuba Shows, Its Purpose Is to Serve the Neoliberal Order.

By Peter Bolton

In November 2013, then-Secretary of State John Kerry declared: “The era of the Monroe Doctrine is over.”[1. Ken Jensen, John Kerry Repudiates the Monroe Doctrine, The Weekly Standard, November 19, 2019. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.weeklystandard.com/ken-jensen/john-kerry-repudiates-the-monroe-doctrine] The reality of Obama administration policy did not entirely support this assertion; there was the executive order against Venezuela in 2015, support for the coup in Honduras in 2009, and ominously close ties with right-wing governments across the region. But with other more encouraging steps such as the normalization of relations with Cuba and the (belated) show of support for the Colombian Peace Process, there were at least some modest steps towards greater mutual respect for national sovereignty in the Hemisphere. Then came the unexpected election of Donald Trump. Though throughout his election campaign he expressed a preference for US isolationism and opposition to senseless war, once in office he appointed the very neoconservative war hawks he had earlier criticized for engineering such foreign debacles as the disastrous invasion of Iraq. His appointments to hemispheric policy posts have been the least encouraging, with figures such as the convicted criminal Elliot Abrams reemerging from obscurity to saber-rattle against traditional Latin American foes. Ever since Trump entered the White House, there has been a growing sense that the Monroe Doctrine is back. Now, that suspicion has been confirmed. On April 17, National Security Advisor John Bolton said: “Today, we proudly proclaim for all to hear: the Monroe Doctrine is alive and well.”[2. David Richardson, “John Bolton Reaffirms America’s Commitment to the Monroe Doctrine With New Sanctions,” The Observer, April 17, 2019. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://observer.com/2019/04/john-bolton-monroe-doctrine-sanctions-venezuela-nicaragua-cuba/]

Latest move in ‘Troika of Tyranny’ Strategy

Bolton made the announcement during a speech in Miami to veterans of the CIA-orchestrated[3. “The Bay of Pigs Invasion and its Aftermath, April 1961–October 1962,” US State Department Office of the Historian. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/bay-of-pigs] invasion of Cuba in 1961 – known in Cuban-American exile folklore as the “Bay of Pigs.” But the main purpose of the speech was to make public the latest addition to his so-called “Troika of Tyranny” strategy: a new punitive measure against Cuba to add to the already crippling array of sanctions, isolation tactics, and trade prohibitions that make up the decades-long economic blockade.[4. US to allow Americans to sue foreign firms over Cuba property seizures, BBC News, April 17, 2019. Accessed online April 18, 2019: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47952650] Having severely, though not entirely,[5. Michael J. Bustamante, Trump’s Rollback on Cuba, Foreign Affairs, June 19, 2017. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/cuba/2017-06-19/trumps-rollback-cuba] rolled back the Obama-era normalization process, the Trump administration now considers property in Cuba that was seized by the Cuban government from “Americans”  to be open game for lawsuits.[6. US to allow Americans to sue foreign firms over Cuba property seizures, BBC News, April 17, 2019. Accessed online April 18, 2019: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47952650] It was unclear whether he was referring to US citizens generally, Cuban exiles specifically or any US resident, but he indicated that foreign companies with any business dealings relating to expropriated property will be subject to possible lawsuits. He stated: “Americans who have had their private and hard-earned property stolen in Cuba will finally be allowed to sue.”[7. Ibid.]

The measure will be implemented by reactivating a provision of the notorious Helms-Burton Act that up until now had been suspended since the Clinton administration.[8. Engel on Implementation of Title III of the Helms-Burton Act, Press release from the US House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, April 17, 2019. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press-releases] Known as “Title III,” the clause allows lawsuits against foreign companies that have “trafficked” or otherwise benefited from the use of property seized since the beginning of the Cuban Revolution in 1959.[9. Alex Daugherty and Michael Wilner, “Trump will allow Cuban Americans to sue for confiscated property in Cuba,” The Miami Herald, April 17, 2019. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article229321599.html] Such property is believed to include a wide range of real estate including residential houses and investments in the tourism industry such as hotels and ports used by cruise companies.[10. US to allow Americans to sue foreign firms over Cuba property seizures, BBC News, April 17, 2019. Accessed online April 18, 2019: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47952650] Bolton also indicated that those who “traffic” in this “stolen” property will be denied visas to enter the United States.[11. Ibid.]

International condemnation

The move has been widely condemned across the world including by Canada and multiple US allies in Europe who have warned of potential counter-lawsuits in response and pledged to challenge the move through the World Trade Organization.[12.Ibid.] In anticipation of Wednesday’s announcement, European Commission foreign policy chief Federica Mogherini and European Trade Commissioner Cecilia Malmström said to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo in a joint letter sent on April 10 that “the issue of outstanding US claims should not be conflated with the cause of furthering democracy and human rights in Cuba.”[13. Ibid.] Similarly, Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland released a statement on Wednesday saying that “Canada is deeply disappointed with today’s announcement.”[14. Ibid.]

The new sanctions  come as the US has become ever more isolated on its policy toward Cuba. Last November, all but four of the 193 nations of the United Nations General Assembly voted in favor of a resolution condemning the blockade.[15. UN votes overwhelmingly to condemn US embargo on Cuba, Al-Jazeera News, November 2, 2019. Accessed online, April 19, 2019: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/11/votes-overwhelmingly-condemn-embargo-cuba-181102091512621.html] The two “No” votes, unsurprisingly, came from the US and Israel (with two other nations casting abstentions). Similar resolutions have been passed by the General Assembly with a majority in favor every year since 1992 on the basis that the blockade is a violation of international law and the UN Charter.[16. General Assembly Adopts Annual Resolution Calling for End to Embargo on Cuba, Soundly Rejects Amendments by United States, United Nations Press Release, November 1, 2019. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/ga12086.doc.htm] This adds to decades-long condemnation from a wide array of international NGOs who have voiced their criticism. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, for instance, has stated that “the economic sanctions [that make up the blockade] have an impact on the Cuban people’s human rights, and therefore [we urge] that the embargo be lifted.”[17. Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2011, Chapter IV.] The Center for International Policy, meanwhile, has stated that the blockade has “created a situation of scarcity and uncertainty that has affected all aspects of Cuban society, including its healthcare system.”[18. Diane Kuntz, “The Politics of Suffering: The Impact of the U.S. Embargo on the Health of the Cuban People,” Report to the American Public Health Association of a Fact-finding trip to Cuba, June 6-11, 1993.]

Challenging the absolutist stance on private property

An exhaustive list of such statements would be far too long to enumerate here. But there is something more significant still that lies behind this latest punitive measure. It illustrates how the Monroe Doctrine has evolved to become intricately linked with the imposition and maintenance of the global neoliberal order. This is because it shines a light on the most fundamental factor that has motivated US hostility against Cuba since 1959. As the late Saul Landau pointed out, this hostility was never predicated on human rights concerns;[19. “Will the Real Terrorist Please Stand Up: Saul Landau on U.S.-Aided Anti-Castro Militants & the Cuban 5,” June 11, 2012, Democracy Now!. Accessed March 31, 2016: http://www.democracynow.org/2012/6/11/will_the_real_terrorist_please_stand] how could it be when the US has held lasting alliances with countries such as Saudi Arabia, Israel, Colombia and Honduras, which, if anything, have much worse human rights records than Cuba? Rather, it was the nationalization of US-owned assets by the revolutionary government – such as the agro-industrial corporations that controlled much of Cuba’s agricultural sector – that to this day represents the cardinal sin. Threatening US economic interests is the one thing that Washington never forgives. For those countries that do serve Washington’s economic interests, on the other hand, there is practically nothing it won’t overlook. Indeed, President Trump all but spelled this out when he stated recently that the US’s relationship with the brutal Saudi dictatorship will continue since it’s good for business.[20. Ed Sykes, “In one statement, Trump clumsily sums up decades of empty US posturing on human rights,” The Canary, November 22, 2019. Accessed online: https://www.thecanary.co/us/us-analysis/2018/11/22/in-one-statement-trump-clumsily-sums-up-decades-of-empty-us-posturing-on-human-rights/]

This latest move also strikes at the heart of the absolutist stance that Washington takes toward the concept of private property, which to a large extent underpins its entire neoliberal and imperialist value system. For Washington, the legitimacy of its own vision of private property is beyond question, an unassailable moral absolute without caveat. So long, that is, as such property relations are to the benefit of corporate power. The fact that multinational corporations routinely violate the property rights of others[21. Matt Kennard and Nick MacWilliam, “Chiquita Made a Killing From Colombia’s Civil War. Will Their Victims Finally See Justice?,” In These Times, January 27, 2019. Accessed online April 19, 2019: http://inthesetimes.com/article/19834/chiquita-multinationals-killing-colombias-civil-war-paramilitary] – not to mention environmental, labor and consumer rights – is obfuscated under the twisted logic of neoliberal capitalism. Indeed, this fundamentally hypocritical vision of property relations forms a large part of prevailing neoliberal assumptions. Private ownership and so-called “competition” amongst private actors are deified, while concepts such as “the commons” or “the public square” are demeaned and denigrated at every turn.[22. See: See https://corpwatch.org/article/what-neoliberalism] The role of the state is whittled down to enforcing the contractual relations of capitalism and social control, while beneficial state functions such as instituting social protections, providing access to public services, protecting the biosphere, and ensuring responsible regulation of the economy are dispensed with.

Putting things in context

The historical context in Cuba provides the perfect illustration of this tendency. As the 1950s drew to a close, the Batista dictatorship had tightened its grip on power and was ruling with an iron fist. And in addition to the suffering caused by many of the pathologies typical to Latin American countries of the time (and in many cases continuing to this day) – the rampant poverty and inequality,[23. Timothy Alexander Guzman, Cuba Pre-1959: The Rise and Fall of a U.S. Backed Dictator with Links to the Mob, Center for Research on Globalization, July 23, 2015. Accessed online, April 19, 2019: https://www.globalresearch.ca/cuba-pre-1959-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-u-s-backed-dictator-with-links-to-the-mob/5464738] the tragic rates of illiteracy,[24. 10 Things to Know About Revolutionary Cuba’s Literacy Program, TeleSur, September 8, 2016. Accessed online: https://www.telesurenglish.net/analysis/10-Things-to-Know-About-Revolutionary-Cubas-Literacy-Program-20160908-0007.html] and the widespread lack of access to even basic public services[25. Michael P. McGuigan, Fulgencio Batista ‘s Economic Policies, 1952 – 1958, University of Miami Scholarly Repository, August 2012. Accessed online, April 19, 2019: https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/book/Batista_Economic_Policies.pdf] – Cuba had the added pathology of mob infiltration into myriad spheres of the island’s economy and wider society.[26. See T.J. English, Havana Nocturne: How the Mob Owned Cuba and Then Lost It to the Revolution (MJF, 2013).] As historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. wrote at the time: “The corruption of the Government, the brutality of the police, the government’s indifference to the needs of the people for education, medical care, housing, for social justice and economic justice… is an open invitation to revolution.”[27. Arthur Schlesinger, The Dynamics of World Power: A Documentary History of the United States Foreign Policy 1945-1973 (McGraw Hill, 1973). p.512] Naturally, none of this mattered to Washington, which strenuously backed the Batista dictatorship since it was obediently obeying orders and creating a favorable business environment for powerful US multinational corporations.[28. Timothy Alexander Guzman, Cuba Pre-1959: The Rise and Fall of a U.S. Backed Dictator with Links to the Mob, Center for Research on Globalization, July 23, 2015. Accessed online: https://www.globalresearch.ca/cuba-pre-1959-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-u-s-backed-dictator-with-links-to-the-mob/5464738]

Though such a reality does not necessarily justify the nature or the extent of the expropriation process that took place in the early days of the revolution, it does highlight the fact that the distribution of wealth and resources in Cuban society was far from beyond moral reevaluation before the revolution either. Indeed, such political and philosophical questions surrounding the concepts of property ownership and wealth distribution are – and ought to be – constantly subjected to debate and readjustment in all societies. The 20th Century saw a huge divergence in the paths that different countries took on these matters – on both sides of the Iron Curtain. Obviously the Eastern Bloc countries moved toward the highly state-led “command economies” that came to characterize the Soviet system. And as much as post-Cold War propaganda says otherwise, this system did have some benefits,[29. Zsuzsanna Clark, “Oppressive and grey? No, growing up under communism was the happiest time of my life,” MailOnline, October 17, 2009. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1221064/Oppressive-grey-No-growing-communism-happiest-time-life.html] especially when contrasted with the disastrous consequences of the transition to neoliberalism that has taken place in post-Soviet Eastern Europe.[30. Kristen Ghodsee, “The Specter Still Haunts: Revisiting 1989,” Dissent, Spring 2012.] But even within the borders of many US Western European allies there has been considerable diversity. Social democratic governments experimented with differing configurations of state and private ownership for the various sectors of the economy. Even the trenchant US ally, Great Britain, brought sectors such as transport, electricity, water, telecommunications, mining and even some heavy industry into public ownership in the post-war period.[31. Clive M. Schmirrhoff, “The Nationalization of Basic Industries in Great Britain,” Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 16 No. 4, p. 557 – 575. https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2502&context=lcp] And of course, like every other Western European country,[32. See World Health Organization factsheet: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/261716/27.-Universal-health-coverage,-Factsheet-for-European-Parliament.pdf] Britain also established a publicly administered universal healthcare system[33. See Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford University Press, 1998).] and brought a significant proportion of its housing stock into public ownership too.[34. Marcus E. Ethridge and Howard Handelman, Politics in a Changing World (Wadsworth, 2008), p. 308-309.]

The so-called “free” market neoliberal path taken by the United States, especially since the late 1970s, and subsequently adopted across large swaths of the world, hardly compares favorably to either Western European countries under social democracy or even to post-1959 Cuba. Whereas in the United States (the wealthiest country in the world, lest we forget) empty homes outnumber homeless people by six to one,[35. Empty Homes Outnumber The Homeless 6 To 1, So Why Not Give Them Homes?, MintPress News, July 2, 2015. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.mintpressnews.com/empty-homes-outnumber-the-homeless-6-to-1-so-why-not-give-them-homes/207194/] in Cuba homelessness is virtually nonexistent.[36. Margot Pepper, “The Costs of the Embargo,” Common Dreams, March 7, 2009. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.commondreams.org/views/2009/03/07/costs-embargo#] Similarly, whereas in the United States several tens of thousands of people die every year due to a lack of access to healthcare,[37. David Cecere, “New study finds 45,000 deaths annually linked to lack of health coverage,” The Harvard Gazette, September 17, 2009. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/09/new-study-finds-45000-deaths-annually-linked-to-lack-of-health-coverage/] Cuba’s universal system is free-at-the-point-of-service and leaves no one without care.[38. David Blumenthal, “Fidel Castro’s Health Care Legacy,” The Commonwealth Fund, November 28, 2016. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2016/fidel-castros-health-care-legacy] Remember that on both counts Cuba has a superior record despite being a much poorer country, which furthermore has suffered for decades under an economic blockade from the world’s superpower that, according to the UN, has cost its economy over $100 billion dollars throughout the decades.[39. U.S. trade embargo has cost Cuba $130 billion, U.N. says, Reuters, May 18, 2018. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-economy-un/us-trade-embargo-has-cost-cuba-130-billion-un-says-idUSKBN1IA00T] Such comparisons again expose the inherent contradictions and inhumanity of neoliberal ideology.

Separating fact from fiction

It must also be remembered that the realities of the process of expropriation in Cuba have been heavily distorted by the historical fictions that make up Cuban-American exile mythology. According to this belief system, the tyrannical Fidel Castro seized for himself everything from everyone so that all but he might be equal. The reality is far more nuanced than this picture suggests. For one thing, the Cuban exiles who left in the early days of the revolution abandoned their properties as they fled for Yankee shores. (And many of them did so long before the country officially embraced communism in late 1965 – almost six years after Castro seized power from Batista.) So they could not have reasonably expected to have them returned to them no matter what political and economic system Cuba eventually adopted. Furthermore, Fidel Castro made clear that expropriation would apply to everyone, including him and his cadre of revolutionaries themselves. Indeed, one of the very first things that his government nationalized after the revolution was his own family farm in the island’s Oriente province.[40. Mick Winters, Cuba for the Misinformed: Facts from the Forbidden Island (Westsong Publishing, 2013). Accessed online April 19, 2019: http://www.westsong.com/cuba/cubamickwinter.pdf]

But there is deeper nuance still to the expropriation process. For instance, some of the private property that the revolutionary government seized after 1959 had itself been unjustly seized from rural peasants during the Batista dictatorship for the benefit of multinational corporations such as the United Fruit Company.[41. Joanna Swanger, Rebel Lands of Cuba: The Campesino Struggles of Oriente and Escambray, 1934–1974 (Lexington Books, 2015), p. 98.] Redressing this kind of injustice that for decades had been done to Cuba’s campesinos was a central pillar of Fidel Castro’s political program since long before 1959. He initially indicated support for some kind of land reform and nationalization program in his famous 1953 speech “History Will Absolve Me.”[42. “Cuba: How the workers and peasants made the revolution,” Green Left Weekly, Issue 804, July 24, 2019. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/cuba-how-workers-and-peasants-made-revolution] The debate surrounding land reform and campesino struggles in its support continue to this day across Latin America. And some features of the Cuban experience have served as a model for land reform efforts ever since, whether it be in Honduras, Venezuela or Colombia. To be sure, reasonable people can certainly disagree about whether or not this process of expropriation went too far. But the process of expropriation was not the wanton, indiscriminate theft portrayed by the hardliner Cuban-American exile faction and nor did the situation in Cuba before the revolution represent an ideal model of property relations and resource distribution either.

The indigenous genocide and US hypocrisy

Finally, this entire episode raises serious issues of hypocrisy in light of historical realities and a flagrant lack of even-handedness. And this also ought to be put in context. To give just one example, in a cruel irony the US has violated Cuba’s land sovereignty rights for years through its illegal occupation of Guantanamo Bay,[43. See Witness for Peace Fact-sheet: “Return the Illegally Occupied Guantanamo Naval Base to the Cuban People!”: http://witnessforpeace.org/return-the-illegally-occupied-guantanamo-naval-base-to-the-cuban-people/] where it houses both a Naval Base and a detention center where people have been continually subjected to torture, rendition and indefinite detention without trial (all of which is illegal under international law).[44. “Guantánamo Bay: 14 years of injustice,” Amnesty International: Stop Torture, January 12, 2019. Accessed online April 20, 2019: https://www.amnesty.org.uk/guantanamo-bay-human-rights] But there is a historical context that stretches back much further. Undoubtedly one of the most egregious thefts of all history has been the stealing of lands from the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Note that on John Bolton’s own system of values, in which stolen property must be returned to its rightful owners, the whole North American continent would have to be returned to its Native American tribes – which exposes its inherent absurdity. But leaving this aside, the Trump administration (like all US administrations before it) is not even willing to respect existing Native American treaties.[45. Monte Mills, Supreme Court case tests weight of old Native American treaties in 21st century, The Conversation, April 13, 2018. Accessed online April 20, 2019: https://theconversation.com/supreme-court-case-tests-weight-of-old-native-american-treaties-in-21st-century-93194] And far from representing some kind of historical relic, the legacy of land theft and ethnic cleansing continues in the United States[46. Julie Brave Noisecat, The Indigenous Revolution, Jacobin, November 24, 2016. Accessed online April 20, 2019: https://www.jacobinmag.com/2016/11/standing-rock-dakota-access-pipeline-obama/] and throughout the Hemisphere to this day[47. Fiona Watson, “The uncontacted tribes of Brazil face genocide under Jair Bolsonaro,” The Guardian, December 31, 2018. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/dec/31/tribes-brazil-genocide-jair-bolsonaro] – as does the struggle of Indigenous peoples in defense of their lands. Indeed, the Trump administration has been accelerating the sale of leases to oil and gas companies on both Native American[48. “Trump administration plans drilling on ancestral tribal territory,” IndianZ.com, July 26, 2018. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://www.indianz.com/News/2018/07/26/trump-administration-plans-drilling-on-a.asp] and public federal land.[49. Trump Administration Moves to Open Former Protected Lands For Drilling, E360 Digest, August 17, 2018. Accessed online April 19, 2019: https://e360.yale.edu/digest/trump-administration-moves-to-open-former-protected-lands-for-drilling] So while on the one hand it is demanding compensation for property seized in a foreign sovereign state where the United States has no jurisdiction, the administration is simultaneously accelerating a centuries-long process of dispossession within its own borders. If the Trump administration wishes to get serious about making restitution for past injustices and returning to injured parties what is rightfully theirs, this travesty taking place within the United States would be a better place to start than playing into the Cuban-American exile hardliner narrative for political gain.

But, of course, since this violation runs contrary to neoliberal imperatives it is conveniently ignored. The grievance of the hardline Cuban exiles, meanwhile, has the double benefit reinforcing the ideological narratives of both the Monroe Doctrine and the neoliberal agenda that it has come to serve. Sadly, under this latest reality TV-inspired form of manufacturing consent for neoliberalism and imperialism created by Trumpism, we are moving into an era of the Monroe Doctrine on steroids. And that creates an even greater imperative for progressive voices to oppose it.

Featured image courtesy of Cornell University/Wikimedia Commons