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Disputa geopolítica Chávez vs. EE.UU.

October 30, 2008

“La generosidad de Venezuela es una realidad porque ofrece a América Latina más o menos cuatro o cinco veces más dinero del que ofrece Estados Unidos.”

El que habla no es un presidente populista incondicional del presidente de Venezuela, Hugo Chávez. Tampoco Daniel Ortega o Evo Morales.

Se trata del más reciente converso de Petrocaribe, el presidente de Costa Rica Oscar Arias. Y sus sorprendentes elogios hacia el que hasta hace poco era considerado su antípoda político, explican parcialmente el por qué Petrocaribe, la punta de lanza de la Alternativa Bolivariana de las Américas (ALBA), ha experimentado una veloz aceptación en Centroamérica.

En los últimos meses, Petrocaribe pudiera haberse convertido en la mayor fuente de cooperación en la actualidad para la región Centroamericana y del Caribe, incluso por encima de la ayuda de Estados Unidos. “Es una realidad y no estoy emitiendo ningún juicio de valor” dijo Arias durante una entrevista radial en su país.

Mas de mil millones US$

En diciembre pasado, en Cuba, Chávez dijo que desde junio del 2005 a diciembre del 2007 el total en créditos otorgados por Petrocaribe a sus miembros alcanzó los U$1.17 mil millones, un total de U$468 millones anuales en líneas de crédito. Para el 2010, éste pudiera llegar a los U$4.5 mil millones, o U$1.1 mil millones anuales. Esta cantidad es probablemente mucho mayor por haber sido calculada un mes antes del inicio del alza del petróleo en 2008.

Comparativamente, la asistencia económica de los EE.UU. para el Caribe entre 2005-2007 se estima en U$340 millones, o U$149 millones anuales, excluyendo a Haití. El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo desembolsó en el 2008 a los 16 miembros de Petrocaribe U$100 millones, menos de ¼ del promedio prestado por Petrocaribe entre 2005-2008.

Con el barril de crudo oscilando por los U$100 hasta hace poco, una reestructuración comercial mundial, y la crisis financiera internacional que no toca fondo, las tarifas y préstamos preferenciales de Petrocaribe son una opción muy atractiva para mitigar las facturas petroleras de Centroamérica y lograr una estabilidad macroeconómica en el corto y mediano plazo.

En el acuerdo petrolero de PDVSA los miembros obtienen miles de barriles diarios a precios de mercado, con años de gracia y a intereses casi inexistentes. Por ende, casi todos los países del Istmo han ido sumándose uno por uno. La excepción es El Salvador, donde el presidente Antonio Saca permanece firmemente opuesto a las políticas económicas de Chávez.

El Salvador al margen

“Con sus propias características, Centroamérica está respondiendo al ALBA, no solamente por un relativo desplome del poder de los Estados Unidos, sino porque otros polos geo económicos compiten con la menguante hegemonía de los Estados Unidos en la región,” dijo Jorge Castañeda, analista político y ex ministro de relaciones exteriores de México. “El acercamiento al ALBA, pero más específicamente a Petrocaribe, es parte de un proceso de búsqueda de acuerdos comerciales que ofrezcan a la región ventajas adicionales de comercio a las de tratados existentes.”

El resultado es un reacomodo multipolar hacia nuevos centros de poder económico liderados por Venezuela, Brasil y naciones del Asia. Pero la agresiva incursión del ALBA con sus prebendas, ya generó una reacción de parte de Estados Unidos en su rol de mayor socio comercial.

Y como fuerza hegemónica, argumentan fuentes diplomáticas y analistas, los EE.UU. buscarán contrarrestar el avance del proyecto geopolítico de Chávez apoyados por los sectores políticos de derecha conservadores, y reviviendo así el espectro de la intensa polarización que desarticuló estas sociedades durante la Guerra Fría de los años 80.

Tanto los Estados Unidos como Venezuela ven al Salvador como el último bastión en esta nueva guerra de influencias. Saca ha acusado a Venezuela de injerencia a través de Petrocaribe, ya que sus dividendos están a la disposición del FMLN para utilizarlos a discreción en la contienda electoral que culminará en marzo de 2009. En El Salvador, el petróleo del ALBA es importado por un consorcio de municipalidades controladas por el FMLN.

En septiembre, Saca hizo un llamado de alerta al gobierno de Estados Unidos para “prevenir la intervención de países fuera de Centroamérica y que los endeudamientos que estamos viendo a largo plazo en el pago del petróleo a precios bajos no nos lleven a la disolución del sistema de integración centroamericano.”

La jefa de la diplomacia salvadoreña lo secundó. “El partido de la oposición es un remanente ortodoxo de la guerrilla,” dijo la ministra de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador, Marisol Argueta de Barillas, en una conferencia organizada por el American Enterprise Institute, en Washington, D.C. “Las elecciones legislativas y presidenciales de 2009 (de El Salvador) serán cruciales porque nuestro país puede fácilmente convertirse en el siguiente fallo del populismo en la región. Espero que esto no suceda”.

¿Reacomodo o polarización?

Argueta aprovechó su viaje a Washington a mediados de septiembre para prácticamente pedir la intervención de ese país en los asuntos salvadoreños, dice Hugo Martínez, uno de los voceros del FMLN para temas internacionales, ante las posibilidades de que el FMLN gane la elección presidencial de 2009.

“Nos causan extrañeza esas declaraciones porque demuestran que aún prevalecen (en ARENA) los sectores más reaccionarios del partido”, dijo Martínez.

Según Aviva Elzufon, analista del Consejo de Asuntos Hemisféricos con sede en Washington DC (COHA), el supuesto debilitamiento hegemónico de los Estados Unidos ha sacado del armario a sus fichas de línea dura. Para fines de septiembre, altos ex personeros del gobierno de Estados Unidos cercanos al Presidente George Bush, como Róger Noriega, el ex subsecretario de Estado para asuntos hemisféricos, y su antecesor Otto Reich, empezaron a hacer eco a la alerta salvadoreña.

Apoyados por el Subsecretario de Estado, John Negroponte, todos presionan para que Estados Unidos dedique más atención a lo que pasa actualmente allí y a las consecuencias geopolíticas si el FMLN ganara las elecciones. “Nos preocupa Honduras y su decisión (de incorporarse al ALBA), y que Guatemala probablemente seguirá y que Costa Rica ya no lo está estudiando sino que van a hacerlo,” dijo una fuente del Departamento de Estado. “Pero perder El Salvador sería comprometer la seguridad y los intereses tanto de El Salvador como de Estados Unidos”

Reafirmando esa postura, Reich, asesor del candidato presidencial republicano John McCain, declaró el viernes (26 de septiembre) de manera amenazante al diario El Heraldo, de Honduras, que “si el Presidente (Manuel) Zelaya quiere ser aliado de nuestros enemigos, que piense cuáles pueden ser las consecuencias de sus acciones y sus palabras.”

El Parlamento de Honduras aprobó la semana pasada la adhesión al ALBA por mayoría, a pesar de la oposición del Consejo Hondureño de la Empresa Privada (COHEP), por considerar que el ALBA pone en riesgo las relaciones con Estados Unidos, primer socio comercial del país.

El tono de Reich contrastó con el del Sub Secretario de Comercio Christopher Padilla, quién dijo en febrero no ver “problemas si Nicaragua quiere (hacer) comercio con Venezuela (a través de los acuerdos suscritos en el marco del ALBA). Es decisión de país.”

Reich dijo que “las señales visibles generan fuerte inquietud sobre qué rumbo tomará Centroamérica, no solo por los riesgos para la institucionalidad en Honduras y Nicaragua, sino también por su efecto en la región.” Al criticar la relación entre Zelaya y Chávez, fortalecida luego de la adhesión de Honduras al ALBA a mediados de agosto, dijo que el problema de Zelaya es ser hasta cierto punto vulnerable ya que no controla su partido, el Liberal, en la cual varios sectores adversan sus tendencias populistas.

¿Un ALBA militar?

El incremento de los nexos de Chávez y lo que representan, preocupan a los Estados Unidos, dicen voceros de ese gobierno, porque su estridencia ha evolucionado en ambiciones militares, como demuestran los ejercicios navales que dispone realizar con la armada naval rusa. Igualmente, Chávez insiste en crear una suerte de OTAN regional, formada por ejércitos de países ALBA.
Bajo su visión de “estrategia de defensa conjunta bolivariana,” Chávez planea construir una fábrica de rifles AK-47 en Venezuela. En Nicaragua, Daniel Ortega habla de la modernización del ejército de Nicaragua con armas que se comprarían a Rusia, supuestamente con dividendos de Petrocaribe.

Una fuente diplomática en Managua admitió que ante un deterioro de condiciones políticas y económicas, los Estados Unidos pudieran retirar en Centroamérica fondos como los asignados a programas de desarrollo, o bloquear remesas de inmigrantes viviendo en Estados Unidos, o deportar a centroamericanos indocumentados.

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